Georges Ernest Jean-Marie Boulanger, born on April 29, 1837, in Rennes, France, was a French general and political figure whose popularity and political maneuvers posed a significant threat to the stability of the Third Republic in the late 19th century.
Early Life and Military Career
- Background: Boulanger was born into a modest family and pursued a military career from a young age1.
- Military Achievements: He distinguished himself during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and was promoted rapidly through the ranks1.
Political Ascent
- Minister of War: In 1886, Boulanger was appointed Minister of War. He implemented several popular reforms, including improving soldiers’ conditions and advocating for a strong national defense1.
- Public Popularity: His charismatic personality and nationalist rhetoric earned him the nickname “Général Revanche” (General Revenge), reflecting his desire to avenge France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War1.
The Boulangist Movement
- Political Movement: Boulanger’s growing popularity led to the formation of the Boulangist movement, which attracted support from various political factions, including monarchists, Bonapartists, and republicans dissatisfied with the Third Republic.
- Electoral Success: He won multiple elections, including a significant victory in Paris in 1889, which fueled speculation about a potential coup1.
Downfall and Exile
- Failed Coup: Despite his popularity, Boulanger hesitated to seize power when the opportunity arose. His indecision led to a loss of support, and the government took action against his movement1.
- Exile and Death: Facing arrest, Boulanger fled to Belgium, where he lived in exile. He died by suicide on September 30, 1891, at the grave of his mistress in Brussels1.
Legacy
Georges Boulanger’s rise and fall highlight the volatility of French politics in the late 19th century. His movement underscored the fragility of the Third Republic and the enduring appeal of nationalist and authoritarian sentiments in times of national crisis.